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class="theme-default-content content__default"><h2 id="rsync"><a href="#rsync" class="header-anchor">#</a> Rsync</h2> <p><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rsync" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Rsync<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a>（Remote Sync），使用其 “Quick Check” 算法实现增量复制数据。可以使用 rsync 在不同目录（本地），不同服务器（远程）之前实现数据备份。在 3.x 版本可以做到一边对比差异一边复制。</p> <h3 id="_1-选项（特性）"><a href="#_1-选项（特性）" class="header-anchor">#</a> 1. 选项（特性）</h3> <p>Rsync 具有很多优异的特性，例如保持文件属性、权限；使用 rsh、ssh 等隧道加密传输文件（rsync 本身不会对数据加密）等。</p> <p>具体的特性可以根据其命令参数得知：</p> <table><thead><tr><th style="text-align:center;">短参数</th> <th style="text-align:center;">长参数</th> <th style="text-align:left;">描述</th></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><td style="text-align:center;">-v</td> <td style="text-align:center;">--verbose</td> <td style="text-align:left;">显示输出过程</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center;">-q</td> <td style="text-align:center;">--quiet</td> <td style="text-align:left;">静默模式</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center;">-P</td> <td style="text-align:center;">--progress</td> <td style="text-align:left;">显示同步的过程及传输时的进度信息</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center;">-e</td> <td style="text-align:center;">--rsh</td> <td style="text-align:left;">指定隧道</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center;">-a</td> <td style="text-align:center;">--archive</td> <td style="text-align:left;">多参数集合（-rtopgDl）</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center;">-r</td> <td style="text-align:center;">--recursive</td> <td style="text-align:left;">递归</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center;">-t</td> <td style="text-align:center;">--times</td> <td style="text-align:left;">保持修改时间属性</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center;">-o</td> <td style="text-align:center;">--owner</td> <td style="text-align:left;">保持属主</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center;">-p</td> <td style="text-align:center;">--perms</td> <td style="text-align:left;">保持权限</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center;">-g</td> <td style="text-align:center;">--group</td> <td style="text-align:left;">保持用户组</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center;">-D</td> <td style="text-align:center;">--devices</td> <td style="text-align:left;">保持设备文件信息</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center;">-l</td> <td style="text-align:center;">--links</td> <td style="text-align:left;">保持软链接</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center;">-z</td> <td style="text-align:center;">--compress</td> <td style="text-align:left;">压缩</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center;"></td> <td style="text-align:center;">--bwlimit=KBPS</td> <td style="text-align:left;">限速，限制 I/O 带宽</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center;"></td> <td style="text-align:center;">--delete</td> <td style="text-align:left;">删除，即无差异同步数据</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center;">-b</td> <td style="text-align:center;">--backup</td> <td style="text-align:left;">备份，对于已存在同样的文件名时，老文件重命名为 <code>~filename</code>，可以使用 <code>--suffix</code> 指定</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center;"></td> <td style="text-align:center;">--backup-dir</td> <td style="text-align:left;">备份文件指定目录</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center;"></td> <td style="text-align:center;">--exclude=PATTERN</td> <td style="text-align:left;">排除传输的文件模式</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center;"></td> <td style="text-align:center;">--exclude-from=FILE</td> <td style="text-align:left;">排除 FILE 中指定模式的文件</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center;"></td> <td style="text-align:center;">--include=PATTERN</td> <td style="text-align:left;">包含传输的文件模式</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center;"></td> <td style="text-align:center;">--include-from=FILE</td> <td style="text-align:left;">包含 FILE 中指定模式的文件</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center;"></td> <td style="text-align:center;">--password-file=FILE</td> <td style="text-align:left;">从 FILE 中得到密码</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>其中常用参数为 <code>-avz</code>。</p> <h3 id="_2-语法"><a href="#_2-语法" class="header-anchor">#</a> 2. 语法</h3> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token function">rsync</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>OPTION<span class="token punctuation">]</span>    SRC    DEST
<span class="token function">rsync</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>OPTION<span class="token punctuation">]</span>    SRC    <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token environment constant">USER</span>@<span class="token punctuation">]</span>host:DEST
<span class="token function">rsync</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>OPTION<span class="token punctuation">]</span>    <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token environment constant">USER</span>@<span class="token punctuation">]</span>HOST:SRC    DEST
<span class="token function">rsync</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>OPTION<span class="token punctuation">]</span>	  <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token environment constant">USER</span>@<span class="token punctuation">]</span>HOST::SRC   DEST
<span class="token function">rsync</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>OPTION<span class="token punctuation">]</span>    SRC    <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token environment constant">USER</span>@<span class="token punctuation">]</span>HOST::DEST
<span class="token function">rsync</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>OPTION<span class="token punctuation">]</span>    rsync://<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token environment constant">USER</span>@<span class="token punctuation">]</span>HOST<span class="token punctuation">[</span>:PORT<span class="token punctuation">]</span>/SRC    <span class="token punctuation">[</span>DEST<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
</code></pre></div><h3 id="_3-常用示例"><a href="#_3-常用示例" class="header-anchor">#</a> 3. 常用示例</h3> <ul><li><p>目录间推送数据</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token function">rsync</span> /ect/hosts /opt
<span class="token comment"># 保持属性</span>
<span class="token function">rsync</span> -vzrtopg --progress /etc/hosts /opt
</code></pre></div></li> <li><p>目录间同步数据</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token comment"># 同步文件</span>
<span class="token function">touch</span> /null.txt
<span class="token function">cat</span> /opt/hosts
<span class="token function">rsync</span> -r --delete /null.txt /opt/hosts
<span class="token function">cat</span> /opt/hosts <span class="token comment"># 验证</span>
<span class="token comment"># 同步目录</span>
<span class="token function">mkdir</span> /null
<span class="token function">rsync</span>  -r --delete /null /opt
<span class="token function">ls</span> /opt <span class="token comment"># 验证</span>
</code></pre></div></li> <li><p>推送数据到对应主机端口</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token function">rsync</span> -avz /etc/hosts root@45.78.12.89:/opt
<span class="token comment"># 等价于</span>
<span class="token function">rsync</span> -avz /etc/hosts -e  <span class="token string">'ssh -p 22'</span> root@45.78.12.89:/opt 
<span class="token comment"># 切换到对应服务器上</span>
<span class="token function">cat</span> /opt/hosts <span class="token comment"># 验证</span>
</code></pre></div></li> <li><p>从服务器拉取数据</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token function">rsync</span> -avz -e  <span class="token string">'ssh -p 22'</span> root@45.78.12.89:/opt/hosts /opt
<span class="token function">cat</span> /opt/hosts <span class="token comment"># 验证</span>
</code></pre></div></li></ul> <h3 id="_4-可能存在的问题"><a href="#_4-可能存在的问题" class="header-anchor">#</a> 4. 可能存在的问题</h3> <p>看到部分文章说 rsync 传输大量小文件时会停止僵死（小文件是多小，大量是多大也没有描述清楚），这个问题搜了下，尚未得知具体的原因：</p> <ol><li><a href="https://superuser.com/questions/291803/best-way-to-copy-millions-of-files-between-2-servers" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Best way to copy millions of files between 2 servers<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a></li> <li><a href="https://serverfault.com/questions/365103/how-to-speed-up-rsync-for-small-files" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">How to speed up rsync for small files<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a></li></ol> <h2 id="scp"><a href="#scp" class="header-anchor">#</a> Scp</h2> <p><code>rsync</code> 虽然可以增量下载，速度快一些，还有更多的功能，但是 <code>scp</code> 非常不占资源，<code>rsync</code> 在小文件众多时会导致磁盘 <code>I/O</code> 非常高。</p> <h3 id="_1-语法"><a href="#_1-语法" class="header-anchor">#</a> 1. 语法</h3> <p>相对于 <code>rsync</code>，<code>scp</code> 的语法则简单很多：</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token function">scp</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>源文件<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>目标文件<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment"># 选项</span>
-1：使用 <span class="token function">ssh</span> 协议版本1；
-2：使用 <span class="token function">ssh</span> 协议版本2；
-4：使用 ipv4；
-6：使用 ipv6；
-B：以批处理模式运行；
-C：使用压缩；
-F：指定 <span class="token function">ssh</span> 配置文件；
-i：identity_file 从指定文件中读取传输时使用的密钥文件（例如私钥），此参数直接传递给 ssh；
-l：指定宽带限制；
-o：指定使用的 <span class="token function">ssh</span> 选项；
-P：指定远程主机的端口号；
-p：保留文件的最后修改时间，最后访问时间和权限模式；
-q：不显示复制进度；
-r：以递归方式复制。

<span class="token comment"># 源文件：指定要复制的源文件。</span>
<span class="token comment"># 目标文件：目标文件。格式为 `user@host:filename` （文件名为目标文件的名称）。</span>
</code></pre></div><h3 id="_2-常用示例"><a href="#_2-常用示例" class="header-anchor">#</a> 2. 常用示例</h3> <ul><li><p>密码形式上传文件：</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token function">scp</span> -r /home/shanyuhai/Download/test shanyuhai@47.111.23.259:/home/shanyuhai/downloads
</code></pre></div><p>接着输入密码即可</p></li> <li><p>秘钥形式上传文件：</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token function">scp</span> -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa_xxx hi.png shanyuhai@47.111.23.259:/home/shanyuhai/downloads
</code></pre></div></li> <li><p>秘钥形式下载文件：</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token function">scp</span> -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa_xxx shanyuhai@47.111.23.259:/home/shanyuhai/downloads/hi.png pictures
</code></pre></div></li></ul> <blockquote><p>还可以使用 <code>lrzsz</code> 来进行本地和远程的文件交互，不过需要双端都安装 <code>lrzsz</code>：</p> <ul><li><p>下载（sz）</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code>sz filename
<span class="token comment"># 等待选择保存的本地路径</span>
</code></pre></div></li> <li><p>上传（rz）</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code>rz
<span class="token comment"># 等待选择文件</span>
<span class="token comment"># （还可以拖拽文件）</span>
</code></pre></div></li></ul></blockquote></div> <footer class="page-edit"><!----> <div class="last-updated"><span class="prefix">上次更新:</span> <span class="time">2020年3月17日星期二下午2点47分</span></div></footer> <div class="page-nav"><p class="inner"><span class="prev">
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